Introduction

Cushing syndrome (CS) is rare in pregnancy, with only about 220 cases having been reported to date. Women with untreated CS rarely become pregnant because CS is associated with a high prevalence of ovulatory disturbances, which are induced by cortisol excess [1]. Furthermore, even if pregnancy occurs, hypercortisolism is associated with higher incidences of maternal and fetal complications; therefore, the early diagnosis and treatment of CS are important [2]. Here, we report two cases of CS that was diagnosed within the 12 months following delivery.

Cases

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital (IRB No: 2020-05-007).

1. Case 1

A 37-year-old women presented with bilateral flank pain and weight gain. She became pregnant in 2013 and underwent cesarean section at 35 weeks of gestation because of pulmonary arterial hypertension. A 1,720-g infant was delivered, but after delivery, the patient gained 14 kg and reported persistent bilateral flank pain over a 5-month period. The patient had a 3-year history of hypertension and dyslipidemia, and was taking atenolol (50 mg), nifedipine (60 mg), and atorvastatin (10 mg) once daily. On admission, her blood pressure was 130/70 mmHg and her body mass index (BMI) was 36.9 kg/m². She showed Cushingoid features, including truncal obesity, striae cutis, and buffalo hump. Her morning plasma cortisol concentration was 22.04 μg/dL and her plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentration was 12.07 pg/mL. Her plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, and aldosterone-to-renin ratio were within the normal ranges, and the concentrations of other adrenal hormones were unremarkable. A low-dose dexamethasone suppression test demonstrated autonomous cortisol excess (Tables 1-3). Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography revealed a 35×28 mm hypoattenuating nodule in the right adrenal gland (Fig. 1), and in venous and delayed phases showed significant enhancement and rapid washout, which was consistent with a cortical adenoma. We, therefore, diagnosed adrenal CS. A laparoscopic right adrenalectomy was performed and pathological examination revealed that the mass was an adrenal cortical adenoma. On the day of surgery, 200 mg of intravenous hydrocortisone was administered to avoid an adrenal crisis, and the dose was gradually tapered off. Four months after the surgery, the patient resumed menstruation. The patient’s body mass decreased from 92.6 kg before surgery to 70 kg 6 months later. Long-term follow-up of the patient showed that her blood pressure had improved. She was able to stop taking antihypertensive drugs and hydrocortisone 2 years after surgery.

2. Case 2

A 34-year-old woman attended our outpatient department because of weight gain and easy bruising. She was diagnosed with gestational diabetes during her 25th week of gestation and she delivered a 2,200-g female infant by cesarean section during the 37th week. She returned to the hospital 8 months after delivery because she had not experienced menstruation, even after stopping breastfeeding, and had gradually gained weight and noticed multiple bruises. Her blood pressure was 170/106 mmHg and her BMI was 24.6 kg/m². On physical examination, she had a moon face, buffalo hump, multiple bruises, and abdominal striae. Laboratory investigations revealed morning plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations suggestive of ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism (Tables 1, 2). Low-dose dexamethasone suppression testing was not associated with a reduction in plasma cortisol concentration, but high-dose dexamethasone suppression testing was, which was consistent with a diagnosis of Cushing disease (CD) (Table 3). Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 3×4×6 mm hypointense nodule on the left side of the pituitary gland (Fig. 2). Endonasal pituitary adenomectomy was performed via an endonasal transsphenoidal approach, and the pathological finding was an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma (World Health Organization grade I). One day following surgery, her plasma ACTH concentration had decreased from 68.48 to 20.43 pg/mL. In addition, her plasma cortisol concentration had decreased to 1.18 µg/dL, and thus hydrocortisone treatment was initiated. The patient’s blood pressure had normalized, and antihypertensive medication and hydrocortisone administration were stopped 3 months after surgery.

Discussion

When women are diagnosed with CS less than 12 months after delivery, they are empirically considered to have had active CS during pregnancy, with a high probability of concomitant hypercortisolism during pregnancy [3]. Herein, we have reported two patients in whom CS was diagnosed 5 and 8 months after delivery, which is consistent with them having had active CS during pregnancy.

Chronic hypercortisolemia inhibits both the action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the gonads and GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus [1]. Therefore, women with untreated CS rarely become pregnant. In those who do become pregnant, 55% have ACTH-independent CS, whereas ACTH-independent CS accounts for a relatively small proportion in non-pregnant women [3]. It has been suggested that in CD, there is hypersecretion of cortisol and androgens, which interferes with the gonadal axis, causing amenorrhea in over 70% of patients, whereas adrenal tumors almost exclusively hypersecrete cortisol [4]. Therefore, the second patient reported herein, in which CD had likely been present during pregnancy, had a relatively rare condition.

The diagnosis of CS in pregnancy is quite difficult for many reasons. First, due to its very low incidence, a high degree of clinical suspicion is required [1]. Second, the clinical signs of hypercortisolism (weight gain, fatigue, hypertension, and hyperglycemia) overlap with the physiological changes that characterize pregnancy [2,5]. Therefore, CS is often not diagnosed until the second trimester [6]. However, although many of the symptoms overlap, the occurrence of pathological fracture should provoke a CS work-up [7]. In the present patients, the symptoms reported are common features of pregnancy, meaning that it would have been difficult to diagnose CS earlier.

The diagnosis of CS during pregnancy is also hampered by the changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that normally occur [8]. Plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations and urinary free cortisol (UFC) concentration are high during normal pregnancies, which makes biochemical diagnosis more challenging [8]. However, a recent study showed that late-night salivary cortisol concentration is higher in patients with CS than in pregnant women [9]; therefore, the use of a combination of UFC and late-night salivary cortisol is recommended for the diagnosis of CS during pregnancy.

CS during pregnancy is associated with poor maternal and fetal outcomes [2]. Patients with active CS tend to deliver earlier than those whose CS has been corrected and are more likely to undergo cesarean section. They also more frequently experience complications of pregnancy, including gestational diabetes, hypertension, and preeclampsia. In addition, fetal complications, such as fetal loss, fetal distress, preterm birth, and low birth weight, are more frequent in the presence of active maternal CS [3]. In both the patients reported here, maternal complications occurred during pregnancy and one neonate was born preterm and both were a low birth weight.

The management of pregnant women with CS is similar to that of non-pregnant patients. For both ACTH-independent and ACTH-dependent CS, surgical treatment should ideally be performed during the second trimester, before the 24th week of gestation. For ACTH-independent CS, which accounts for 55% of the cases of CS during pregnancy, adrenal surgery appears to be more successful than medical therapy. For pregnant women with CD, transsphenoidal surgery or medical therapy (generally using metyrapone) have both been used [10]. In addition to the specific treatment of CS, any comorbidities should be treated, including diabetes and hypertension [2]. After the surgical treatment of both of the patients reported herein, their symptoms resolved.

As in the cases reported herein, the diagnosis of CS during pregnancy is difficult because of its low incidence, the overlapping clinical signs, and the changes that occur in the HPA axis during normal pregnancy. However, because CS is associated with higher incidences of maternal and fetal complications, early diagnosis is important. Therefore, when pregnant women present with suspicious symptoms, such as pathological fracture, physicians should consider whether they might be hypercortisolemic.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: all authors; Data curation: HBK; Formal analysis: HSK; Methodology: MKK; Resources: EK, KSA, NKK; Supervision: HSK; Validation: MKK; Writing-original draft: HBK; Writing-review & editing: HSK, MKK.

Fig. 1.

(A) Abdominal computed tomography reveals a 35×28 mm, hypoattenuating mass (arrow) in the right adrenal gland. (B) The excised right adrenal gland shows a well circumscribed, yellowish mass.

Fig. 2.

(A) Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging shows a 3×4×6 mm, hypointense nodule (arrow) in the left side of the pituitary gland. (B) The intraoperative photograph shows a grayish pink nodule (arrow) in the left side of the pituitary gland.

References

• 1. Lado-Abeal J, Rodriguez-Arnao J, Newell-Price JD, Perry LA, Grossman AB, Besser GM, et al. Menstrual abnormalities in women with Cushing's disease are correlated with hypercortisolemia rather than raised circulating androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3083–8.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 2. Lindsay JR, Jonklaas J, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK. Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy: personal experience and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:3077–83.ArticlePubMed
• 3. Caimari F, Valassi E, Garbayo P, Steffensen C, Santos A, Corcoy R, et al. Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of published cases. Endocrine 2017;55:555–63.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 4. Polli N, Pecori Giraldi F, Cavagnini F. Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 2003;26:1045–50.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 5. Aron DC, Schnall AM, Sheeler LR. Cushing's syndrome and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;162:244–52.ArticlePubMed
• 6. Andreescu CE, Alwani RA, Hofland J, Looijenga LH, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ, et al. Adrenal Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 2017;177:K13–20.ArticlePubMed
• 7. Brue T, Amodru V, Castinetti F. Management of endocrine disease. Management of Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy: solved and unsolved questions. Eur J Endocrinol 2018;178:R259–66.ArticlePubMed
• 8. Lindsay JR, Nieman LK. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocr Rev 2005;26:775–99.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 9. Lopes LM, Francisco RP, Galletta MA, Bronstein MD. Determination of nighttime salivary cortisol during pregnancy: comparison with values in non-pregnancy and Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2016;19:30–8.ArticlePubMedPDF
• 10. Sammour RN, Saiegh L, Matter I, Gonen R, Shechner C, Cohen M, et al. Adrenalectomy for adrenocortical adenoma causing Cushing's syndrome in pregnancy: a case report and review of literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012;165:1–7.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Endogenous Cushing’s syndrome during pregnancy
  Nada Younes, Matthieu St-Jean, Isabelle Bourdeau, André Lacroix
  Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2023; 24(1): 23.     CrossRef
• Cushing Syndrome in Pregnancy: A Case Presentation and Review of Literature
  HamidReza Samimagham, Ava Ziaei, Mohammad Tamaddondar, Mitra Kazemi Jahromi
  Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef