Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science

Review articles

Hypertension and cognitive dysfunction: a narrative review: Eun-Jin Cheon; J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(3):225-232. Published online November 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2022.00605

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Cognitive dysfunction is relatively less considered a complication of hypertension. However, there is sufficient evidence to show that high blood pressure in middle age increases the risk of cognitive decline and dementia in old age. The greatest impact on cognitive function in those with hypertension is on executive or frontal lobe function, similar to the area most damaged in vascular dementia. Possible cognitive disorders associated with hypertension are vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, and Lewy body dementia, listed in decreasing strength of association. The pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with hypertension includes brain atrophy, microinfarcts, microbleeds, neuronal loss, white matter lesions, network disruption, neurovascular unit damage, reduced cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier damage, enlarged perivascular damage, and proteinopathy. Antihypertensive drugs may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Given the high prevalence of dementia and its impact on quality of life, treatment of hypertension to reduce cognitive decline may be a clinically relevant intervention.

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Chronic Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Decline in Patients with Cardiac Disease: Evidence, Relevance, and Therapeutic Implications
Jan Traub, Anna Frey, Stefan Störk
Life.2023; 13(2): 329. CrossRef
The A-to-Z factors associated with cognitive impairment. Results of the DeCo study
María Gil-Peinado, Mónica Alacreu, Hernán Ramos, José Sendra-Lillo, Cristina García, Gemma García-Lluch, Teresa Lopez de Coca, Marta Sala, Lucrecia Moreno
Frontiers in Psychology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Cognitive dysfunctions in individuals with diabetes mellitus: Hye-Geum Kim; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2019;36(3):183-191. Published online July 24, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2019.00255

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Abstract PDF

Some patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) present with cognitive dysfunctions. The pathophysiology underlying this complication is not well understood. Type 1 DM has been associated with a decrease in the speed of information processing, psychomotor efficiency, attention, mental flexibility, and visual perception. Longitudinal epidemiological studies of type 1 DM have indicated that chronic hyperglycemia and microvascular disease, rather than repeated severe hypoglycemia, are associated with the pathogenesis of DM-related cognitive dysfunction. However, severe hypoglycemic episodes may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in high-risk patients with DM. Type 2 DM has been associated with memory deficits, decreased psychomotor speed, and reduced frontal lobe/executive function. In type 2 DM, chronic hyperglycemia, long duration of DM, presence of vascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension and obesity), and microvascular and macrovascular complications are associated with the increased risk of developing cognitive dysfunction. The pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in individuals with DM include the following: (1) role of hyperglycemia, (2) role of vascular disease, (3) role of hypoglycemia, and (4) role of insulin resistance and amyloid. Recently, some investigators have proposed that type 3 DM is correlated to sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. The molecular and biochemical consequences of insulin and insulin-like growth factor resistance in the brain compromise neuronal survival, energy production, gene expression, plasticity, and white matter integrity. If patients claim that their performance is worsening or if they ask about the effects of DM on functioning, screening and assessment are recommended.

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The Management of Diabetes Mellitus Using Medicinal Plants and Vitamins
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Original Articles

Association of head circumference with cognitive decline and symptoms of depression in elderly: a 3-year prospective study: Oh Dae Kwon, So-Young Choi, Jisuk Bae; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2018;35(2):205-212. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2018.35.2.205

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Abstract PDF: Background
Brain volume is associated with dementia and depression in the elderly. An easy way to predict relative brain volume is to measure head circumference. In this study, we investigated the relationship between head circumference and cognition as well as depression in a non-demented elderly community.
Methods
Baseline and follow-up surveys were conducted in 2007 and 2010. At baseline, community residents aged 65 years or over (n=382) within a rural area of South Korea were screened for dementia and symptoms of depression and were followed using the same screening battery after 3 years (n=279). Data from anthropometric measurements (head circumference, height, and body weight), demographics, and blood tests were gathered. Neuropsychological tests, including the Korean version of mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE), clinical dementia rating (CDR) including the CDR-sum of boxes, the Korean version of instrumental activities of daily living, and geriatric depression scale (GDS), were performed. None of the 279 subjects followed were demented.
Results
Baseline performance on the K-MMSE and GDS was poorer for participants with smaller head circumferences. Follow-up performance on the MMSE was also poorer for participants with smaller head circumferences. Interestingly, participants with smaller head circumference showed worse GDS scores at baseline but on follow-up examination, participants with larger head circumference showed rapid worsening than those with smaller head circumference with marginal significance by ANOVA test. In regression coefficient analysis, GDS decline showed significant difference.
Conclusion
Head circumference was not associated with cognitive change but was associated with symptoms of depression in non-demented community residents.

Manifestation of Cognitive Function in Geriatric Patient with Subjective Memory Complaint.: Han Kyul Park, Jin Sung Kim, Jong Bum Lee, Wan Seok Seo, Bon Hoon Koo, Dai Seg Bai; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2010;27(1):27-36. Published online June 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2010.27.1.27

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Abstract PDF

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to find out cognitive function of the patients with subjective memory complaint. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1st 2005 to May 31st 2009, 155 normal individuals without any medical illness who visited Yeungnam University Hospital to undergo medical checkup with neurocognitive test was enrolled, and checked by using Cognitive Assessment & Reference Diagnostic System. RESULTS: 107 of the patients had normal cognitive function, 21 patients (about 15%) were diagnosed with dementia, and 10 patients (about 7%) were diagnosed with considerable psychiatric illness, such as depression, anxiety disorder, adjustment disorder. CONCLUSION: Because the patients with subjective memory complaint can be diagnosed as any psychiatric illness as well as dementia, sensitive screening test and early psychiatric approach is needed.

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Effects of a Cognition Activation Program for the Institutionalized Old-Old in Korea
Hung Sa Lee, Dohyun Lee
Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing.2013; 24(4): 427. CrossRef

Review Article

Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease Dementia : An Update: Mee Young Park; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2007;24(2 Suppl):S159-169. Published online December 31, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2007.24.2S.S159

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Abstract PDF: Dementia in the Parkinson’s disease has been increasingly recognized especially in old age. And akinetic-rigid symptoms or cognitive impairment at onset of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are also high risk factors for dementia. However, there have been no gold standard guideline in order to identify the Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Recently, the Movement Disorder Society developed a new diagnostic criteria for PDD in December 2007. I introduce a new PDD diagnostic criteria proposal with a review of treatment strategy of PDD. After the sensitivity and specificity of these criteria ascertained, a revision may be need. But they promising clinical and prospective research baselines in the future.

Original Article

Agreement among the Survey Instruments used to Measure Cognitive Functions in the Elderly.: Pock Soo Kang, Kyung Beom Park, Kyeong Soo Lee, Tae Yoon Hwang, Sang Kyu Kim; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2005;22(2):141-149. Published online December 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2005.22.2.141

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Abstract PDF: PURPOSE: This study was conducted to assess the level of agreement among survey instruments used to study dementia and to determine the prevalence rate of suspected dementia using different instruments. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total 171 subjects older than 65 in Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, were surveyed from February to October 2003. The age, sex and educational level were examined through interview surveys, and cognitive function was evaluated using three survey instruments including MMSE-K, S-SDQ, and KDSQ. RESULTS: The cognitive function scores obtained with the MMSE-K showed significant difference according to age. For sex and educational level significant differences were observed with all three survey instruments. The kappa index, the level of agreement between the questionnaires, was 0.302 between MMSE-K and S-SDQ, 0.401 between MMSE-K and KDSQ, and 0.762 between KDSQ and S-SDQ. The prevalence rate of suspected dementia based on the criteria suggested by MMSE-K, S-SDQ, and KDSQ was 27.5%, 15.2%, and 17.0% respectively. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that caution is needed when comparing the measured cognitive function scores and analyzing the prevalence of dementia; this is because the prevalence of dementia and cognitive functions vary according to the questionnaires used.

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