Introduction

Stroke patients are predisposed to a sedentary lifestyle that leads to cardiorespiratory deconditioning, muscle atrophy, and further weakness [1]. The mean maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂ max) at 1 month after stroke has been reported to be approximately 60% of the normative values for sedentary healthy individuals, which is comparable to the previously reported age-adjusted VO₂ max at 1 month after myocardial infarction [2]. Patients with stroke reportedly have a lower aerobic capacity than patients with primary cardiac disease [3]. Furthermore, cardiac problems are often observed in patients with stroke. Among stroke survivors, approximately 28.8% present with coronary artery disease, and 16.5% have heart failure [4]. Patients with concomitant stroke and cardiac disease have lower aerobic capacity than patients with stroke alone [3]. Therefore, intensive structured exercise programs including aerobic and resistance training are needed for this group of patients. However, traditional stroke rehabilitation programs cannot provide sufficient exercise [1], and additional cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is needed.

Despite the importance of CR, the proportion of stroke patients enrolled in CR was 4.8% in a previous study [3]. To our knowledge, CR is not routinely indicated for individuals with stroke in Korea.

We report the case of a patient with stroke and cardiac disease who underwent early inpatient CR followed by home-based CR.

Case

A 38-year-old male patient who was a smoker (5 pack-years) and had a history of unknown arrhythmia without medical treatment was admitted to the emergency room due to right hemiplegia. During the initial examination, the patient was stuporous with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 7. He was diagnosed with infarction of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory (Fig. 1A) with occlusion of the M1 segment of the left MCA (Fig. 1B). He had atrial fibrillation, heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 27% (Table 1), pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and mild cardiomegaly (Fig. 2). He was admitted to the intensive care unit of the Department of Cardiology. He received a tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation, and additional medical treatment. He showed improvement in the LVEF from 27% to 47% on echocardiography and normal sinus rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG) after treatment.

On day 37 after admission, the patient was transferred to the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, where he was provided with stroke rehabilitation and CR. The Mini-Mental State Evaluation score denoting the cognitive function was 30. In the manual muscle test, the right upper extremity was graded as good in the proximal portion and fair in the distal portion. The right lower extremity was graded as good. The functional ambulation category (FAC) score was 4 and the Berg balance scale (BBS) score was 53. The modified Barthel index (MBI) score was 77. Speech evaluation showed anomic aphasia with an aphasia quotient (AQ) of 79. On day 38 after admission, the nasogastric tube was removed, and oral feeding was started after the videofluoroscopic swallowing study. The tracheostomy tube was also removed on day 43 after confirming that the patient had sufficient strength for coughing and sputum expectoration. He received physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy for stroke rehabilitation.

The first symptom-limited exercise tolerance test (ETT) was conducted on day 45 after admission (Fig. 3A). After 14 minutes and 48 seconds, the ETT was terminated upon patient’s request due to leg discomfort. Using the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND) equation, the predicted VO₂ max, which reflected age and weight, was 42.15 mL/kg/min [5]. The measured VO₂ max was 21.7 mL/kg/min (51.5% of predicted value), and there was no abnormality in exercise ECG and hemodynamic response. The patient participated in a CR program for 2 weeks (1-hour sessions five times per week) (Fig. 3B). An ECG-monitored exercise training with 4.6 metabolic equivalents (METs) was started, and the intensity was gradually increased. After 2 weeks, a follow-up ETT was performed, and the test was stopped after 15 minutes and 53 seconds upon patient’s request. The VO₂ max improved from 21.7 to 27.3 mL/kg/min (from 51.5% to 64.8% of the predicted value) (Table 2). The patient also received an educational program about risk factor management, including smoking cessation and nutrition. Upon discharge (day 60 after admission), the BBS score changed from 53 to 56 (smaller than the minimal clinically important difference [MCID] of 12.5) [6], MBI score from 77 to 98 (larger than MCID of 20.1) [7], and AQ from 79 to 88.2.

The patient underwent a home-based CR program three times a week after discharge from the hospital for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, a follow-up ETT was performed (Table 2). The test was stopped after 18 minutes and 30 seconds upon patient’s request, and the VO₂ max showed further improvement (31.3 mL/kg/min, 74.3% of predicted value). Based on the guidelines of the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACVPR), risk stratification of the patient was changed from moderate risk at the first test to low risk at the follow-up ETT [8].

Discussion

Herein, an inpatient CR program was initiated on day 45 after admission in a patient with atrial fibrillation, heart failure, and stroke. There were no adverse events such as worsening of heart failure, cardiac arrest, or death during the 2-week exercise training. Subsequently, the patient’s exercise capacity and LVEF on echocardiography improved. A home-based CR program resulted in a further increase in exercise capacity.

Some previous studies have shown the effectiveness of CR in patients with stroke. Tang et al. [3] showed that a 12-month program providing aerobic and resistance training through a combination of supervised exercise sessions (once per week) and home exercise sessions (four times per week) improved the anaerobic threshold and VO₂ max in patients with concomitant stroke and cardiac disease and patients with stroke alone. These improvements were similar to the improvements observed in nonstroke participants. However, the study did not present any information regarding the interval between stroke and the beginning of CR. In another study [9], subjects having a transient ischemic attack or mild, nondisabling stroke within 12 months (mean of 11.5 weeks) were recruited to the outpatient CR program. Some of them had ischemic heart disease, but their percentages were not indicated. The 6-month CR program included 2-hour group sessions of risk factors, service education, and exercise training. The exercise training was performed on-site (50 sessions twice a week) or at home (at least four times a week). Upon program completion, a significant change of 2.04 METs (31.4%) was observed. Billinger et al. [10] studied the effect of an 8-week moderate-high aerobic exercise intervention in 10 patients with a diagnosis of stroke within 6 months (mean of 68.6 days) without any cardiac disease. There was a significant improvement in VO₂ max after the intervention. The results of our study are consistent with those of previous studies. However, an important finding of our study was that CR could be started quite early (day 45 after admission), considering the poor health condition of the patient.

Stroke patients in Korea generally receive stroke rehabilitation in both secondary and tertiary hospitals. These traditional stroke rehabilitation programs also include aerobic training but do not provide sufficient and maximal exercise because they are not based on ETT. They rather focus on motor recovery and gait exercise. Since stroke and cardiac diseases share many similar risk factors [1], intensive aerobic training, resistance exercise, and risk modification education are essential in stroke patients. If patients with stroke are provided with ETT and CR, the aerobic capacity and risk stratification of each patient will be calculated, leading to maximal, structured, and safe exercise programs. However, barriers to enhanced enrollment of stroke patients in CR include neurological and functional deficits such as hemiparesis and sensory ataxia, lack of a CR program mandate to include stroke patients, and personal perceived impact of stroke-related disability on participation [3]. Moreover, there is no indication of CR for stroke patients in the clinical practice guidelines for CR in Korea [11].

The safety of CR after acute cardiac disease has been suggested [12], but the safety of early CR in stroke patients has not been well elucidated. The present case is the first to report a safely performed CR program in a stroke patient with atrial fibrillation and heart failure in Korea. If a stroke patient has minor functional deficits as described in this case report (FAC 4 and lower extremity power good grade), CR provided with a traditional stroke rehabilitation program will lead to additional benefits. Systematic guidance is needed for post-stroke patients to receive safe and effective CR for the secondary prevention of stroke and cardiovascular risk.

Notes

Ethical statements

This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Ulsan University Hospital (IRB No: 2021-01-024), and the requirement for informed consent from the patient was waived by the IRB.

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: all authors; Data curation, Visualization: SCL; Formal analysis: SCL, EJK; Methodology: EJK, JYL, ALH; Project administration: JYL, ALH; Investigation: SCL, JYL, ALH; Resources: JYL, ALH; Supervision: EJK; Writing-original draft: SCL; Writing-review & editing: EJK.

Fig. 1.

(A) Brain magnetic resonance imaging shows infarction (arrow) of the left middle cerebral arterial territory (diffusion-weighted image, axial view). (B) Brain magnetic resonance angiography shows occlusion (arrow) of the M1 segment of the left middle cerebral arterial territory.

Fig. 2.

Chest X-ray shows pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and mild cardiomegaly (arrows).

Fig. 3.

(A) The photograph shows symptom-limited exercise tolerance test. (B) The photograph shows electrocardiogram-monitored exercise training.

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Figure & Data

References

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