
, 천성희, 강화정, 이근미
, 정승필
, Seong Hi Cheon, Hwa Jeong Kang, Keunmi Lee
, Seung Pil Jung 영남대학교 의과대학 가정의학교실
Department of Family Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
Copyright © 2017 Yeungnam University College of Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
| Male(n=152) | Female(n=79) | p-valuea) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 31.11±8.88 | 32.51±7.97 | 0.24 |
| Stress scale(positive perception) | 12.80±3.36 | 11.72±2.73 | 0.01b) |
| Stress scale(negative perception) | 7.23±3.43 | 8.06±3.45 | 0.08 |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 27.87±7.10 | 29.28±6.27 | 0.14 |
| Anxiety scale | 5.97±5.35 | 8.00±5.07 | 0.01b) |
| Premedical first(n=74) | Medical first(n=86) | Medical third(n=71) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 30.42±7.87 | 33.28±8.66 | 30.76±9.00 | 0.07a) |
| Stress scale(positive perception) | 13.18±2.77 | 11.52±3.47 | 12.76±3.02 | 0.00b,c) |
| Stress scale(negative perception) | 6.58±2.97 | 9.19±3.49 | 6.46±3.11 | 0.00a,d) |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 26.53±5.56 | 29.78±7.42 | 28.52±7.00 | 0.01a,c) |
| Anxiety scale | 5.76±4.37 | 8.88±6.15 | 4.92±4.18 | 0.00b,d) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
a)p<0.05 is considered as significant by ANOVA.
b)p<0.05 is considered as significant by Welch.
c)p-values mean that there were statistical significance in score at stress scale(positive perception) and smartphone addiction scale between premedical first students and medical first students.
d)p-values mean that there were statistical significance in score at stress scale(negative perception) and anxiety scale between premedical first students and medical first students and medical first students and medical third students.
| Living with one's family(n=110) | Living with friends(n=68) | Living alone(n=53) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 29.76±8.18 | 33.40±9.04 | 33.06±8.17 | 0.01a,c) |
| Stress scale(positive perception) | 13.10±3.27 | 11.81±3.12 | 11.85±2.88 | 0.01a,c) |
| Stress scale(negative perception) | 7.11±3.47 | 8.43±3.48 | 7.19±3.22 | 0.03a,c) |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 27.74±6.57 | 28.90±7.16 | 28.92±7.03 | 0.43a) |
| Anxiety scale | 5.27±4.51 | 8.43±5.69 | 7.28±5.72 | 0.00b,c) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
a)p<0.05 is considered as significant by ANOVA.
b)p<0.05 is considered as significant by Welch.
c)p-values mean that there were statistical significance in score at loneliness scale, stress scale(positive perception), stress scale(negative perception) and anxiety scale between living with one's family and living with friends.
| Daegu (n=129) | Gyeongsang province except Daegu(n=43) | Seoul, Gyeonggi (n=52) | Others (n=7) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 29.84±7.74 | 35.14±9.77 | 33.19±8.64 | 30.14±8.03 | 0.00a,c) |
| Stress scale (positive perception) | 12.98±3.18 | 11.60±2.92 | 11.79±3.29 | 12.29±2.81 | 0.03a,d) |
| Stress scale (negative perception) | 7.42±3.54 | 7.63±3.33 | 7.58±3.40 | 8.14±3.67 | 0.94a) |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 28.02±6.37 | 29.05±6.89 | 28.58±8.06 | 28.43±6.53 | 0.85a) |
| Anxiety scale | 5.74±4.59 | 8.93±6.42 | 7.12±5.56 | 6.29±5.59 | 0.04b,c) |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
a)p<0.05 is considered as significant by ANOVA.
b)p<0.05 is considered as significant by Welch.
c)p-values mean that there were statistical significance in score at loneliness scale and anxiety scale between Daegu and Gyeongsang province except Daegu.
d)p<0.05 there was no statistical significance in score at stress scale(positive perception) among 4 responder groups.
| Loneliness scale | Stress scale (positive perception) | Stress scale (negative perception) | Smartphone addiction scale | Anxiety scale | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 1.000 | -0.607a) | 0.453a) | 0.344a) | 0.457a) |
| Stress scale (positive perception) | -0.607a) | 1.000 | -0.495a) | -0.417a) | -0.378a) |
| Stress scale (negative perception) | 0.453a) | -0.495a) | 1.000 | 0.393a) | 0.478a) |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 0.344a) | -0.417a) | 0.393a) | 1.000 | 0.290a) |
| Anxiety scale | 0.457a) | -0.378a) | 0.478a) | 0.290a) | 1.000 |
| Variable | Students |
|---|---|
| Gender | |
| Male | 152(65.8) |
| Female | 79(34.2) |
| School grade | |
| Premedical fisrt | 74(32.0) |
| Medical first | 86(37.2) |
| Medical third | 71(30.7) |
| Type of housemate | |
| Living with one's family | 110(47.6) |
| Living with friends | 68(29.4) |
| Living alone | 53(22.9) |
| Address of family's residence | |
| Daegu | 129(55.8) |
| Gyeongsang province except Daegu | 43(18.6) |
| Seoul Gyeonggi | 52(22.5) |
| Others | 7(3.0) |
| Using hours in a day of smartphone | |
| Under 1 hours | 12(5.2) |
| 1-2 hours | 81(35.1) |
| 2-3 hours | 88(38.1) |
| 3-5 hours | 40(17.3) |
| Over 6 hours | 10(4.3) |
| Using purpose for smartphone | |
| Communication | 95(41.1) |
| Information search | 30(13.0) |
| Habitual | 68(29.4) |
| Time manage | 36(15.6) |
| Purpose of study | 2(0.9) |
| Main usage of smartphone | |
| Simultaneous voice | 1(0.4) |
| Text massage | 115(49.8) |
| Social network services | 25(10.8) |
| Internet search | 49(21.2) |
| Games | 13(5.6) |
| Digital multimedia broadcasting | 24(10.4) |
| Study | 4(1.7) |
| Using hours in a week of computer game | |
| None | 132(57.1) |
| Under 3 hours | 47(20.3) |
| 4-7 hours | 39(16.9) |
| 7-14 hours | 8(3.5) |
| Over 14 hours | 5(2.2) |
| Smoking | |
| None | 209(90.5) |
| Within 10 cigarettes per day | 22(9.5) |
| More than 20 cigarettes per day | 0(0) |
| Drinking | |
| None | 61(26.4) |
| More than once a week | 149(64.5) |
| More than three times a week | 21(9.1) |
| Smartphone addiction scale | |
| General users | 221(95.7) |
| Potential risk users(mild) | 8(3.5) |
| High risk users(moderate) | 2(0.9) |
| Male(n=152) | Female(n=79) | p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 31.11±8.88 | 32.51±7.97 | 0.24 |
| Stress scale(positive perception) | 12.80±3.36 | 11.72±2.73 | 0.01 |
| Stress scale(negative perception) | 7.23±3.43 | 8.06±3.45 | 0.08 |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 27.87±7.10 | 29.28±6.27 | 0.14 |
| Anxiety scale | 5.97±5.35 | 8.00±5.07 | 0.01 |
| Premedical first(n=74) | Medical first(n=86) | Medical third(n=71) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 30.42±7.87 | 33.28±8.66 | 30.76±9.00 | 0.07 |
| Stress scale(positive perception) | 13.18±2.77 | 11.52±3.47 | 12.76±3.02 | 0.00 |
| Stress scale(negative perception) | 6.58±2.97 | 9.19±3.49 | 6.46±3.11 | 0.00 |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 26.53±5.56 | 29.78±7.42 | 28.52±7.00 | 0.01 |
| Anxiety scale | 5.76±4.37 | 8.88±6.15 | 4.92±4.18 | 0.00 |
| Living with one's family(n=110) | Living with friends(n=68) | Living alone(n=53) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 29.76±8.18 | 33.40±9.04 | 33.06±8.17 | 0.01 |
| Stress scale(positive perception) | 13.10±3.27 | 11.81±3.12 | 11.85±2.88 | 0.01 |
| Stress scale(negative perception) | 7.11±3.47 | 8.43±3.48 | 7.19±3.22 | 0.03 |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 27.74±6.57 | 28.90±7.16 | 28.92±7.03 | 0.43 |
| Anxiety scale | 5.27±4.51 | 8.43±5.69 | 7.28±5.72 | 0.00 |
| Daegu (n=129) | Gyeongsang province except Daegu(n=43) | Seoul, Gyeonggi (n=52) | Others (n=7) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 29.84±7.74 | 35.14±9.77 | 33.19±8.64 | 30.14±8.03 | 0.00 |
| Stress scale (positive perception) | 12.98±3.18 | 11.60±2.92 | 11.79±3.29 | 12.29±2.81 | 0.03 |
| Stress scale (negative perception) | 7.42±3.54 | 7.63±3.33 | 7.58±3.40 | 8.14±3.67 | 0.94 |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 28.02±6.37 | 29.05±6.89 | 28.58±8.06 | 28.43±6.53 | 0.85 |
| Anxiety scale | 5.74±4.59 | 8.93±6.42 | 7.12±5.56 | 6.29±5.59 | 0.04 |
| Loneliness scale | Stress scale (positive perception) | Stress scale (negative perception) | Smartphone addiction scale | Anxiety scale | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loneliness scale | 1.000 | -0.607 |
0.453 |
0.344 |
0.457 |
| Stress scale (positive perception) | -0.607 |
1.000 | -0.495 |
-0.417 |
-0.378 |
| Stress scale (negative perception) | 0.453 |
-0.495 |
1.000 | 0.393 |
0.478 |
| Smartphone addiction scale | 0.344 |
-0.417 |
0.393 |
1.000 | 0.290 |
| Anxiety scale | 0.457 |
-0.378 |
0.478 |
0.290 |
1.000 |
Values are presented as number(%).
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
Values are presented as pearson's correlation coefficient.