
, 권택규
, Taeg Kyu Kwon
계명대학교 의과대학 면역학교실
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
Copyright © 2017 Yeungnam University College of Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ROS, reactive oxygen species; GSH, glutathione; VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel; NOX, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11; HSPB1, heat shock protein beta-1; Nrf-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; SAS, sulfasalazine; BSO, buthionine sulfoximine; RSL3, ras-selective lethal small molecule 3; FIN56, ferroptosis-inducing agents 56; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Bax, BCL2 associated X; Bak, BCL2 antagonist/killer; Bim, BCL2 like 11; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large; Mcl-1, myeloid cell leukemia-1, IAP, Inhibitor of apoptosis; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; RIP3, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like; PARylation, protein poly ADP-ribosylation; PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; RIP1, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; LC3, Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; ATG, autophagy related protein; mTORC, mammalian target of rapamycin complex.
Acknowledgement
본 연구 결과물은 대한민국 미래창조과학부의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 지원을 받아 연구되었음(2014R1A5A2010008).
Conflicts of interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
The morphological features, regulators, and inducers of ferroptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, apoptosis, and autophagy
| Cell death | Caspase dependency | Morphological feature | Biochemical feature | Regulator | Inducer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Necrosis | Independent | Swelling of cell, loss of membrane integrity, lysis of cell, disintegrate of nucleus | Inflammatory response ATP depletion | - | Hypoxia, severe physical damage, excess ROS |
| Apoptosis | Dependent | Chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, plasma membrane blebbing | Activation of caspases, mitochondria membrane permeability | Pro-apoptotic: Bax, Bak, Bim, Noxa Anti-apoptotic: Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, IAP family |
TRAIL, FasL, DNA damage, oxidative stress |
| Ferroptosis | Independent | Outer mitochondrial membrane rupture, Shrunken mitochondria | Accumulation of iron and lipid ROS, inhibition of system Xc-, depletion of GSH | Positive: VDAC, p53, CARS, NOX Negative: GPX4, SLC7A11, HSPB1, Nrf2 |
Class I: erastin, SAS, BSO, sorafenib Class II: RSL3, DPIs, FIN56 Other: artemisinin derivatives, cisplatin |
| Necroptosis | Independent | Swelling of organelle, plasma membrane rupture | Activation of RIP3 and MLKL, PARylation, PARP1 hyper-activation | RIP1, RIP3, MLKL | TNF plus zVAD |
| Autophagy | Independent/dependent | Formation of autophagic vacuoles, accumulation of autophagosome | LC3 II conversion | ATG5, ATG7, Beclin1, SQSTM1/p62 | Metformin, rapamycin, mTORC1/2 inhibitor |
ROS, reactive oxygen species; GSH, glutathione; VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel; NOX, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; SLC7A11, solute carrier family 7 member 11; HSPB1, heat shock protein beta-1; Nrf-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; SAS, sulfasalazine; BSO, buthionine sulfoximine; RSL3, ras-selective lethal small molecule 3; FIN56, ferroptosis-inducing agents 56; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; Bax, BCL2 associated X; Bak, BCL2 antagonist/killer; Bim, BCL2 like 11; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; Bcl-xL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large; Mcl-1, myeloid cell leukemia-1, IAP, Inhibitor of apoptosis; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; RIP3, receptor-interacting protein kinase 3; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like; PARylation, protein poly ADP-ribosylation; PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; RIP1, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; LC3, Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; ATG, autophagy related protein; mTORC, mammalian target of rapamycin complex.