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Case report
Development of an automated foot contact area measurement program for podoscopes using ChatGPT-4: a case report
Min Cheol Chang
J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2025;42:13.   Published online December 3, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2024.01326
  • 562 View
  • 38 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Accurate measurement of the foot contact area is crucial for diagnosing pes planus (flatfoot) and pes cavus (high arch), which significantly affect pressure distribution across the plantar surface. This study aimed to develop a program using ChatGPT-4 to automate foot contact area measurements using a podoscope, thereby enhancing diagnostic precision. A 53-year-old female volunteer stood on a podoscope to capture images of her feet, which were processed to isolate the foot contours and measure the contact areas. A program developed utilizing ChatCPT-4 was designed to outline the feet, detect contact areas, and calculate their sizes and ratios. The results demonstrated clear visualization of foot contours with automated calculation of the contact area and its ratio to the total foot area. The entire foot area measured 1,091,381.00 pixels, with a contact area of 604,252.50 pixels. The ratio of the ground contact area to the entire foot area was calculated as 55.37%. This method, which employs advanced image-processing techniques powered by ChatGPT-4, demonstrates the potential for integrating artificial intelligence into clinical applications. This approach could improve diagnostic precision and patient outcomes through personalized treatment strategies.
Focused Review articles
State-of-the-art update for diagnosing diabetic foot osteomyelitis: a narrative review
Inha Woo, Seung Jae Cho, Chul Hyun Park
J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(4):321-327.   Published online October 12, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2023.00976
  • 2,708 View
  • 120 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Recently, the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot and the Infectious Diseases Society of America divided diabetic foot disease into diabetic foot infection (DFI) and diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO). DFI is usually diagnosed clinically, while numerous methods exist to diagnose DFO. In this narrative review, the authors aim to summarize the updated data on the diagnosis of DFO. An extensive literature search using “diabetic foot [MeSH]” and “osteomyelitis [MeSH]” or “diagnosis” was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar in July 2023. The possibility of DFO is based on inflammatory clinical signs, including the probe-to-bone (PTB) test. Elevated inflammatory biochemical markers, especially erythrocyte sedimentation rate, are beneficial. Distinguishing abnormal findings of plain radiographs is also a first-line approach. Moreover, sophisticated modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear medicine imaging, are helpful if doubt remains after a first-line diagnosis. Transcutaneous bone biopsy, which does not pass through the wound, is necessary to avoid contaminating the sample. This review focuses on the current diagnostic techniques for DFOs with an emphasis on the updates. To obtain the correct therapeutic results, selecting a proper option is necessary. Based on these numerous diagnosis modalities and indications, the proper choice of diagnostic tool can have favorable treatment outcomes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Unveiling the challenges of diabetic foot infections: diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and rehabilitation
    Chul Hyun Park
    Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 319.     CrossRef
The pathophysiology of diabetic foot: a narrative review
Jiyoun Kim
J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(4):328-334.   Published online October 5, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2023.00731
  • 20,796 View
  • 1,196 Download
  • 9 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
An aging population and changes in dietary habits have increased the incidence of diabetes, resulting in complications such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). DFUs can lead to serious disabilities, substantial reductions in patient quality of life, and high financial costs for society. By understanding the etiology and pathophysiology of DFUs, their occurrence can be prevented and managed more effectively. The pathophysiology of DFUs involves metabolic dysfunction, diabetic immunopathy, diabetic neuropathy, and angiopathy. The processes by which hyperglycemia causes peripheral nerve damage are related to adenosine triphosphate deficiency, the polyol pathway, oxidative stress, protein kinase C activity, and proinflammatory processes. In the context of hyperglycemia, the suppression of endothelial nitric oxide production leads to microcirculation atherosclerosis, heightened inflammation, and abnormal intimal growth. Diabetic neuropathy involves sensory, motor, and autonomic neuropathies. The interaction between these neuropathies forms a callus that leads to subcutaneous hemorrhage and skin ulcers. Hyperglycemia causes peripheral vascular changes that result in endothelial cell dysfunction and decreased vasodilator secretion, leading to ischemia. The interplay among these four preceding pathophysiological factors fosters the development and progression of infections in individuals with diabetes. Charcot neuroarthropathy is a chronic and progressive degenerative arthropathy characterized by heightened blood flow, increased calcium dissolution, and repeated minor trauma to insensate joints. Directly and comprehensively addressing the pathogenesis of DFUs could pave the way for the development of innovative treatment approaches with the potential to avoid the most serious complications, including major amputations.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Responsive to adaptive supramolecular hydrogels for diabetic wound treatment
    Shalini Balakrishnan, Revathy Remesh, Krishnan Kartha Kalathil, Anie Y
    Supramolecular Materials.2025; 4: 100081.     CrossRef
  • Nanotechnology-enabled approaches for combating diabetic foot ulcer
    Padakanti Sandeep Chary, Anuradha Urati, Samia Shaikh, Rati Yadav, Valmala Bhavana, Naveen Rajana, Neelesh Kumar Mehra
    Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2025; 105: 106593.     CrossRef
  • Natural products in the treatment of diabetic foot infection
    Mohsen Nazari, Leili Shokoohizadeh, Mohammad Taheri
    European Journal of Medical Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comprehensive review on diabetic foot ulcers and neuropathy: Treatment, prevention and management
    Kehkashan Parveen, Malik Asif Hussain, Sadaf Anwar, Halima Mustafa Elagib, Mohd Adnan Kausar
    World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Enhanced Therapy for Diabetic Neuropathy Utilizing Venlafaxine Hydrochloride-Loaded Transferosome-Based Transdermal Gel
    Kajol Patil, Pramod. S. Salve, Ujban Md Hussain Hussain
    Nano Trends.2025; : 100085.     CrossRef
  • Diabetic foot – prevention and control challenges
    Vitorino Modesto dos Santos, Taciana Arruda Modesto Sugai, Lister Arruda Modesto dos Santos
    Belize Journal of Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Treatment of Morganella morganii-Associated Non-healing Diabetic Foot Ulcer With Vaporous Hyperoxia Therapy: A Case Report
    Afrah S Abedi, Jacob L McElroy, Vladimir Valencia, Rachel M Worcester, Zhi J Yu
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Integrated genetic analysis of diabetic complications: Bioinformatics insights into foot ulcers, neuropathy and peripheral artery disease
    Jiaru Liang, Xiaoyang Gong, Xuyang Hu, Chong You, Jiaqi Zhou, Yuling Gao, Junwei Zong, Yong Liu
    International Wound Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Systematic review of translational insights: Neuromodulation in animal models for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
    Rahul Mittal, Keelin McKenna, Grant Keith, Evan McKenna, Rahul Sinha, Joana R. N. Lemos, Khemraj Hirani, Mohammad Sarif Mohiuddin
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(8): e0308556.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Treatment of Neuropathic and Ischemic Diabetic Foot Ulcers with the Use of Local Ozone Therapy Procedures—An Observational Single Center Study
    Jarosław Pasek, Sebastian Szajkowski, Grzegorz Cieślar
    Clinics and Practice.2024; 14(5): 2139.     CrossRef
  • High glucose combined with lipopolysaccharide stimulation inhibits cell proliferation and migration of human HaCaT keratinocytes by impacting redox homeostasis and activating the polyol pathway
    Zhenhui Xie, Shufan Zhou, Songtao Tang, Qiu Zhang, Lei Liu
    Molecular Biology Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Unveiling the challenges of diabetic foot infections: diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and rehabilitation
    Chul Hyun Park
    Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 319.     CrossRef
Management of diabetic foot ulcers: a narrative review
Jahyung Kim, Otgonsaikhan Nomkhondorj, Chi Young An, Ye Chan Choi, Jaeho Cho
J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(4):335-342.   Published online September 22, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2023.00682
  • 7,793 View
  • 586 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are among the most serious complications of diabetes and are a source of reduced quality of life and financial burden for the people involved. For effective DFU management, an evidence-based treatment strategy that considers the patient's clinical context and wound condition is required. This treatment strategy should include conventional practices (surgical debridement, antibiotics, vascular assessment, offloading, and amputation) coordinated by interdisciplinary DFU experts. In addition, several adjuvant therapies can be considered for nonhealing wounds. In this narrative review, we aim to highlight the current trends in DFU management and review the up-to-date guidelines.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Clinical Efficacy of Type I Collagen Skin Substitutes Versus Human Amnion/Chorion in Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using 55 Patient Randomized Controlled Independent Two Trials, One in India and the Other in the USA
    Subramanian Gunasekaran
    Biomedical Materials & Devices.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Kick-Starting Wound Healing: A Review of Pro-Healing Drugs
    Bethany L. Patenall, Kristyn A. Carter, Matthew R. Ramsey
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(2): 1304.     CrossRef
  • Sequence analysis of microbiota in clinical human cases with diabetic foot ulcers from China
    Ying Li, Li Zhang, Meifang He, Yuebin Zhao
    Heliyon.2024; 10(14): e34368.     CrossRef
  • The future of diabetic wound healing: unveiling the potential of mesenchymal stem cell and exosomes therapy
    Sara Memarpour
    American Journal of Stem Cells.2024; 13(2): 87.     CrossRef
  • Etiopathophysiology, Novel and Advanced Therapy Options, Management and Care Plan to Prevent Lower Limb Amputations for Diabetic Foot Ulcer
    Richa Dayaramani, Nipa Gandhi, Areeg Anwar Ali Shamsher, Nour Aymn Ahmad
    Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology.2024; : 5141.     CrossRef
  • Unveiling the challenges of diabetic foot infections: diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and rehabilitation
    Chul Hyun Park
    Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 319.     CrossRef
Management and rehabilitation of moderate-to-severe diabetic foot infection: a narrative review
Chi Young An, Seung Lim Baek, Dong-Il Chun
J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(4):343-351.   Published online September 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2023.00717
  • 3,505 View
  • 157 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Diabetic foot is one of the most devastating consequences of diabetes, resulting in amputation and possibly death. Therefore, early detection and vigorous treatment of infections in patients with diabetic foot are critical. This review seeks to provide guidelines for the therapy and rehabilitation of patients with moderate-to-severe diabetic foot. If a diabetic foot infection is suspected, bacterial cultures should be initially obtained. Numerous imaging studies can be used to identify diabetic foot, and recent research has shown that white blood cell single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography has comparable diagnostic specificity and sensitivity to magnetic resonance imaging. Surgery is performed when a diabetic foot ulcer is deep and is accompanied by bone and soft tissue infections. Patients should be taught preoperative rehabilitation before undergoing stressful surgery. During surgical procedures, it is critical to remove all necrotic tissue and drain the inflammatory area. It is critical to treat wounds with suitable dressings after surgery. Wet dressings promote the formation of granulation tissues and new blood vessels. Walking should begin as soon as the patient’s general condition allows it, regardless of the wound status or prior walking capacity. Adequate treatment of comorbidities, including hypertension and dyslipidemia, and smoking cessation are necessary. Additionally, broad-spectrum antibiotics are required to treat diabetic foot infections.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Unveiling the challenges of diabetic foot infections: diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and rehabilitation
    Chul Hyun Park
    Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2023; 40(4): 319.     CrossRef
Resident fellow section: Teaching images
A 40-year-old man with neuropathic pain in the entire left foot
Jae Hwa Bae, Mathieu Boudier-Revéret, Min Cheol Chang
J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2023;40(2):223-224.   Published online August 30, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2022.00486
  • 1,986 View
  • 62 Download
PDF
Original article
Risk factors affecting amputation in diabetic foot
Jun Ho Lee, Ji Sung Yoon, Hyoung Woo Lee, Kyu Chang Won, Jun Sung Moon, Seung Min Chung, Yin Young Lee
Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2020;37(4):314-320.   Published online May 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2020.00129
  • 7,713 View
  • 227 Download
  • 15 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
A diabetic foot is the most common cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEA). The study seeks to assess the risk factors of amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU).
Methods
The study was conducted on 351 patients with DFUs from January 2010 to December 2018. Their demographic characteristics, disease history, laboratory data, ankle-brachial index, Wagner classification, osteomyelitis, sarcopenia index, and ulcer sizes were considered as variables to predict outcome. A chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to test the relationship of the data gathered. Additionally, the subjects were divided into two groups based on their amputation surgery.
Results
Out of the 351 subjects, 170 required LEA. The mean age of the subjects was 61 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 15 years; there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of these averages. Osteomyelitis (hazard ratio [HR], 6.164; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.561−10.671), lesion on percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (HR, 2.494; 95% CI, 1.087−5.721), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.981−0.999), ulcer size (HR, 1.247; 95% CI, 1.107−1.405), and forefoot ulcer location (HR, 2.475; 95% CI, 0.224−0.73) were associated with risk of amputation.
Conclusion
Osteomyelitis, peripheral artery disease, chronic kidney disease, ulcer size, and forefoot ulcer location were risk factors for amputation in diabetic foot patients. Further investigation would contribute to the establishment of a diabetic foot risk stratification system for Koreans, allowing for optimal individualized treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Sarcopenia Influences Clinical Outcome in Hospitalized Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease Aged 75 Years and Older
    Volker H. Schmitt, Lukas Hobohm, Christoph Brochhausen, Christine Espinola-Klein, Philipp Lurz, Thomas Münzel, Omar Hahad, Karsten Keller
    Annals of Vascular Surgery.2025; 110: 54.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of Chinese and Western Medical Techniques in Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers With Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Lower Leg
    Yongchong Chen, Yunzhu Wang, TaiAn Zhang, Chao Meng, Qing Li, Bohui Zhang, Kai Zhang, Chunfang Qin
    The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds.2024; 23(1): 70.     CrossRef
  • Classification of foot ulcers in people with diabetes: A systematic review
    Matilde Monteiro‐Soares, Emma J. Hamilton, David A. Russell, Gulapar Srisawasdi, Edward J. Boyko, Joseph L. Mills, William Jeffcoate, Fran Game
    Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Atherogenic markers and 1-year amputation risk in adults with diabetic foot in a tertiary level hospital: A retrospective cohort study
    Jerry K. Benites-Meza, Jussara Malo-Castillo, Percy Herrera-Añazco, Vicente A. Benites-Zapata
    Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2024; 38(9): 108810.     CrossRef
  • Lower extremity amputation rates in patients with chronic kidney disease: A database study comparing patients with and without diabetes mellitus
    Dhruv Nandakumar, Matthew J. Johnson, Lawrence A. Lavery, Benjamin M. Conover, Katherine M. Raspovic, David H. Truong, Dane K. Wukich
    Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2024; 38(11): 108876.     CrossRef
  • Analysis of clinical characteristics in patients with diabetic foot ulcers undergoing amputation and establishment of a nomogram prediction model
    Tiantian Xu, Lianqi Hu, Banglin Xie, Gendong Huang, Xiaolong Yu, Fengbo Mo, Wei Li, Meisong Zhu
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Renal function is highly associated with podiatric risk in diabetic patients
    Jean-Baptiste Bonnet, Ilan Szwarc, Antoine Avignon, Sébastien Jugant, Ariane Sultan
    Clinical Kidney Journal.2023; 16(11): 2156.     CrossRef
  • Risk factor analysis for diabetic foot ulcer‐related amputation including Controlling Nutritional Status score and neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio
    Yandan Zhu, Hongtao Xu, Yuzhen Wang, Xia Feng, Xinyu Liang, Liying Xu, Zhiqiang Liang, Zhongjia Xu, Yawen Li, Yi Le, Manchen Zhao, Jianfei Yang, Ji Li, Yemin Cao
    International Wound Journal.2023; 20(10): 4050.     CrossRef
  • The association between estimated glomerular filtration rate and prognosis in patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis
    Jinghang Zhang, Dong Chen, Xuemei Li, Min Ding, Jun Xu, Meijun Wang, Bai Chang
    International Wound Journal.2022; 19(7): 1650.     CrossRef
  • Renal Function Status in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Having Diabetic Foot Infection and Role of Antibiotics
    Shabab Hussain, . Arrham, Syeda Javeriya Saeed, Ahmad Murtaza Anwar, Asif Khan, Saifullah Brohi
    Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2022; : 189.     CrossRef
  • Re-understanding and focusing on normoalbuminuric diabetic kidney disease
    Na An, Bi-tao Wu, Yu-wei Yang, Zheng-hong Huang, Jia-fu Feng
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The effects of curcumin intake on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
    Mehrdad Mokhtari, Reza Razzaghi, Mansooreh Momen‐Heravi
    Phytotherapy Research.2021; 35(4): 2099.     CrossRef
  • Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Its Association With Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis of Community-Dwelling Asian Population
    Seung Min Chung, Jun Sung Moon, Min Cheol Chang
    Frontiers in Medicine.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Clinical outcomes among patients with chronic kidney disease hospitalized with diabetic foot disorders: A nationwide retrospective study
    Michael Salim
    Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Diabetic foot infections
    Mohan Bilikallahalli Sannathimmappa, Vinod Nambiar, Rajeev Aravindakshan, Mohammad Saleem Jawad Al Khabori, Asma Hamed Sulaiman Al-Flaiti, Kadhiya Nasser Mohamed Al-Azri, Ali Khamis Saif Al-Reesi, Alya Rashid Mohammad Al Kiyumi
    Journal of Education and Health Promotion.2021; 10(1): 254.     CrossRef
Review article
Forefoot disorders and conservative treatment
Chul Hyun Park, Min Cheol Chang
Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2019;36(2):92-98.   Published online May 14, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2019.00185
  • 19,562 View
  • 504 Download
  • 39 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Forefoot disorders are often seen in clinical practice. Forefoot deformity and pain can deteriorate gait function and decrease quality of life. This review presents common forefoot disorders and conservative treatment using an insole or orthosis. Metatarsalgia is a painful foot condition affecting the metatarsal (MT) region of the foot. A MT pad, MT bar, or forefoot cushion can be used to alleviate MT pain. Hallux valgus is a deformity characterized by medial deviation of the first MT and lateral deviation of the hallux. A toe spreader, valgus splint, and bunion shield are commonly applied to patients with hallux valgus. Hallux limitus and hallux rigidus refer to painful limitations of dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A kinetic wedge foot orthosis or rocker sole can help relieve symptoms from hallux limitus or rigidus. Hammer, claw, and mallet toes are sagittal plane deformities of the lesser toes. Toe sleeve or padding can be applied over high-pressure areas in the proximal or distal interphalangeal joints or under the MT heads. An MT off-loading insole can also be used to alleviate symptoms following lesser toe deformities. Morton’s neuroma is a benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve that leads to a painful condition affecting the MT area. The MT bar, the plantar pad, or a more cushioned insole would be useful. In addition, patients with any of the above various forefoot disorders should avoid tight-fitting or high-heeled shoes. Applying an insole or orthosis and wearing proper shoes can be beneficial for managing forefoot disorders.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Myofascial Induction Technique changes Plantar pressures variables compared to a Simulated Laser. A randomized single-blind trial.
    Martinez-Jiménez Eva María, Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo, Rodríguez-Sanz David, Trevissón-Redondo Bibiana, Romero-Morales Carlos, Painceira-Villar Roi, Palomo-López Patricia, Calvo-Lobo César, Corral-Liria Inmaculada
    Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    YongJia Zhu, Ming Gao, Haowen Tan, JiaPeng Yan, HongFei Zhang
    The Surgeon.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • Severe hallux valgus can be treated using a distal metatarsal osteotomy: Results of 144 cases treated with the SERI technique
    Antonio Mazzotti, Simone Ottavio Zielli, Pejman Abdi, Elena Artioli, Alberto Arceri, Francesca Vannini, Cesare Faldini
    Foot and Ankle Surgery.2023; 29(6): 455.     CrossRef
  • Treatment of a patient with chronic causalgia after surgical removal of the neuroma in the second interdigital space
    Daria A. Bolshakova, Andrey A. Kardanov, Musa N. Maysigov, Andrey V. Korolev
    N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics.2023; 30(3): 347.     CrossRef
  • Assessment and indicators of hallux limitus related with quality of life and foot health in school children
    Claudia Cuevas-Martínez, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Emmanuel Navarro-Flores, Laura Pérez-Palma, João Martiniano, Daniel López-López, Israel Casado-Hernández, Juan Gómez-Salgado
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    Metin Uzun, Tunca Cingoz, Mehmet Emin Duran, Ali Varol, Haluk Celik
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JYMS : Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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