Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science

Case report

Physical therapy, Sports Therapy, and Rehabilitation
Development of an RGB-depth camera-based gait analysis system: a single-case study of a patient with stroke: Min Cheol Chang, Juyeon Kim, Jun Sung Moon, Wooktae Park, Gun Woo Lee, Yoo Jin Choo; J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2026;43:15. Published online January 24, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2026.43.15

313 View
28 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Alterations in gait patterns often indicate health status, and their analysis enables the diagnosis and assessment of various health conditions. This study aimed to develop a noncontact gait analysis system using red, green, and blue-depth (RGB-D) cameras and to evaluate its potential clinical applicability. A single case study was conducted to assess changes in the gait patterns of a patient with stroke before and after the application of an ankle-foot orthosis. Twenty walking trials were recorded to evaluate the key gait parameters. The custom RGB-D camera-based gait analysis system demonstrated the potential to rapidly quantify key gait parameters in the patient. Compared with normative data, it effectively identified characteristic stroke-related gait impairments such as shorter step lengths and slower gait speeds. However, the intraclass correlation coefficient analysis indicated low measurement reliability. Although the stance time and minimum knee angle on the left and right sides exceeded the standard error of measurement (SEM), no changes exceeded the minimal detectable change (MDC) criteria. Moreover, other gait parameters did not show significant changes beyond SEM or MDC, limiting the interpretability of the results. Therefore, further technological developments and data collection are required to improve test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change.

Original article

Medical Informatics
Why large language models cannot possess consciousness: an integrated information theory perspective: Dong Ah Shin, Pyung Goo Cho, Gyu Yeul Ji, Sang Hyuk Park, Soo Heon Kim, Yoo Jin Choo, Min Cheol Chang; J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2025;42:79. Published online December 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2025.42.79

848 View
50 Download

Abstract PDF: Background
The question of whether large language models (LLMs) possess consciousness has been increasingly debated. Integrated information theory (IIT) offers a quantitative framework for assessing consciousness through a measure of integrated information.
Methods
This study applied IIT principles to the architecture of transformer-based LLMs, focusing on causal integration, temporal persistence, and system irreducibility. Ablation experiments on Generative Pretrained Transformer 2 (GPT-2) were performed, selectively removing individual attention heads and measuring changes in perplexity as a behavioral proxy for integrated information to empirically approximate the measure of integrated information.
Results
The ablation study of a single attention head produced minimal or negative changes in perplexity in four out of five representative sentences, indicating redundancy or noise. Only one sentence revealed a significant increase in perplexity change (ΔPPL +11.29), reflecting a localized but nonessential contribution. A comparison with biological systems demonstrated that LLMs meet the IIT criterion of differentiation, but fail to meet the criteria of integration, causal closure, and temporal persistence. These findings confirm that LLMs are architecturally decomposable, lack persistent internal states, and do not sustain global causal irreducibility. Philosophical considerations, including Searle’s Chinese Room argument, further support the idea that the linguistic fluency of LLMs arises from syntactic manipulation rather than semantic understanding.
Conclusion
Current LLMs do not satisfy the structural and informational requirements of consciousness under IIT. Although capable of simulating intelligent language, LLMs remain unconscious systems with a negligible amount of integrated information, underscoring the distinction between linguistic competence and conscious experience.

Communications

Physical therapy, Sports Therapy, and Rehabilitation
The applicability of noncontact sensors in the field of rehabilitation medicine: Yoo Jin Choo, Jun Sung Moon, Gun Woo Lee, Wook-Tae Park, Min Cheol Chang; J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2024;41(1):53-55. Published online December 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2023.01144

3,922 View
76 Download
4 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF

A noncontact sensor field is an innovative device that can detect, measure, or monitor physical properties or conditions without direct physical contact with the subject or object under examination. These sensors use a variety of methods, including electromagnetic, optical, and acoustic technique, to collect information about the target without physical interaction. Noncontact sensors find wide-ranging applications in various fields such as manufacturing, robotics, automobiles, security, environmental monitoring, space industry, agriculture, and entertainment. In particular, they are used in the medical field, where they provide continuous monitoring of patient conditions and offer opportunities in rehabilitation medicine. This article introduces the potential of noncontact sensors in the field of rehabilitation medicine.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Emerging technologies in the field of medicine presented at the Consumer Electronics Show 2025
Jong-Ryul Yang, Min Cheol Chang
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2025; 42: 31. CrossRef
Application of noncontact sensors for cardiopulmonary physiology and body weight monitoring at home: A narrative review
Yoo Jin Choo, Jun Sung Moon, Gun Woo Lee, Wook-Tae Park, Heeyeon Won, Min Cheol Chang
Medicine.2024; 103(36): e39607. CrossRef
Thinking machines: artificial intelligence in rehabilitation and beyond
Massimiliano Polastri
International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation.2024; 31(10): 1. CrossRef

Review article

Physical therapy, Sports Therapy, and Rehabilitation
Effectiveness of orthoses for treatment in patients with spinal pain: Yoo Jin Choo, Min Cheol Chang; Yeungnam Univ J Med. 2020;37(2):84-89. Published online March 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2020.00150

16,279 View
235 Download
15 Crossref

Abstract PDF

Spinal pain is a common patient complaint in clinical practice. Conservative treatment methods include oral medication, physical therapy, injections, and spinal orthoses. The clinical application of orthoses is debated because of potential complications associated with long-term use, such as muscle weakness and joint contracture. We reviewed the orthoses most frequently used to manage spinal pain. We review the use of soft cervical and Philadelphia collars, lumbosacral corsets, and thoracolumbosacral orthosis to manage spinal pain. Spinal orthoses can help reduce pain by protecting the muscles and joints of the injured spinal region, preventing or correcting malformations, and limiting trunk flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. The short-term use of spinal orthoses is known to improve pain and disability during the treatment period without significant adverse effects. Spinal orthoses are expected to alleviate pain and improve patients’ lifestyle.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Passive neck brace for surgeons
Zixiao Yang, Tejas S. Sathe, Meghal Shah, Jay Hemant Shah, David L. Hu
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.2025; 1546(1): 112. CrossRef
The effect of spinal orthoses on pain, kyphosis angle, balance, fall risk, and quality of life in older adults with hyperkyphosis: A systematic review
Zeinab Gasavi Nezhad, Steven A. Gard, Mokhtar Arazpour
Assistive Technology.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Biomechanical effects of spinal orthoses on the trunk during a sit-to-stand-to-sit task
Lauren Haworth, Philip Stainton, Claudia Danes-Daetz, Ambreen Chohan, Graham J Chapman, Jim Richards
Prosthetics & Orthotics International.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Guidelines on diagnostics and treatment of acromegaly (draft)
E. G. Przhiyalkovskaya, N. G. Mokrysheva, E. A. Troshina, G. A. Melnichenko, I. I. Dedov, M. B. Antsiferov, L. I. Astafieva, T. P. Bardymova, Zh. E. Belaya, G. R. Vagapova, S. Yu. Vorotnikova, A. Yu. Grigoriev, E. N. Grineva, L. K. Dzeranova, I. A. Ilovai
Obesity and metabolism.2024; 21(2): 215. CrossRef
Spinal Injections: A Narrative Review from a Surgeon’s Perspective
Dong Ah Shin, Yoo Jin Choo, Min Cheol Chang
Healthcare.2023; 11(16): 2355. CrossRef
Effectiveness and Safety of Inelastic Versus Elastic Lumbosacral Orthoses on Low Back Pain Prevention in Healthy Nurses
Jianzhong Hu, Liyuan Jiang, Yong Cao, Jin Qu, Hongbin Lu
Spine.2022; 47(9): 656. CrossRef
The mechanism of action of pulsed radiofrequency in reducing pain: a narrative review
Donghwi Park, Min Cheol Chang
Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science.2022; 39(3): 200. CrossRef
Effectiveness of pulsed radiofrequency on the medial cervical branches for cervical facet joint pain
Min Cheol Chang, Seoyon Yang
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2022; 10(22): 7720. CrossRef
The Effectiveness of Facet Joint Injection with Steroid and Botulinum Toxin in Severe Lumbar Central Spinal Stenosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sang Lee, Hyun Choi, Min Chang
Toxins.2022; 15(1): 11. CrossRef
Use of Pulsed Radiofrequency for the Treatment of Discogenic Back Pain: A Narrative Review
Seoyon Yang, Mathieu Boudier‐Revéret, Min Cheol Chang
Pain Practice.2021; 21(5): 594. CrossRef
YouTube as a Source of Information on Epidural Steroid Injection
Min Cheol Chang, Donghwi Park
Journal of Pain Research.2021; Volume 14: 1353. CrossRef
Comparison of Physical Activity Levels of Individuals Using Orthosis Without Pain and Kinesiophobia with Healthy Controls and within Themselves
Melek VOLKAN-YAZICI, Fatmagül VAROL
Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi.2021; 9(3): 79. CrossRef
The role of assistive devices in frail elderly people with fragility fractures: a narrative review
Giovanni Iolascon, Carla Michini, Robin Kuruvila Sentinella, Milena Aulicino, Antimo Moretti
International Journal of Bone Fragility.2021; 1(2): 53. CrossRef
Conservative Treatments Frequently Used for Chronic Pain Patients in Clinical Practice: A Literature Review
Min Cheol Chang
Cureus.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Chronic Pain and Alterations in the Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System
Seoyon Yang, Mathieu Boudier-Revéret, Yoo Jin Choo, Min Cheol Chang
Brain Sciences.2020; 10(10): 701. CrossRef

First
Prev
Page of 1
Next
Last

Search