Introduction

A gluteal muscle tear or strain frequently occurs during sports activities or while performing running or jumping activities. Its diagnosis is challenging and is often based on non-specific clinical findings [1,2]. In the current report, we describe the case of a patient with a gluteus maximus muscle tear that was confirmed by ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Case

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Yeungnam University Hospital (IRB No: 2020-06-066). All authors declare that written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images.

A 58-year-old woman visited the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in our hospital because of dull pain in the left lateral gluteal region that she had been experiencing for 8 days. The pain had started while she was hiking. The numeric rating scale (NRS) score was 8 out of 10. Prior to this event, she had no history of trauma, injury, or surgical operation on the gluteal or pelvic area. On physical examination, the pain was observed to be aggravated upon extension, abduction, and external rotation of the left hip. Deep palpation revealed tenderness along the left lateral gluteal region.

For the evaluation of the gluteal muscles with US (ACUSON S2000; Siemens Korea, Seoul, Korea), a 12-MHz linear probe was placed at the level of the lateral facet of the greater trochanter of the left femur. The axial US image showed a retracted left gluteus maximus muscle and an anechoic defect around its insertion site in the iliotibial band (Fig. 1). On an MRI, a partial tear in the left gluteus maximus was observed at its insertion site in the left iliotibial band, suggesting grade 2 muscle strain (Fig. 2) [3]. At the area adjacent to the site of the tear, fluid infiltration due to edema and hemorrhage were also noted. No abnormal findings were observed in the left gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and iliotibial band. Therefore, a partial left gluteal muscle tear was diagnosed. The patient was treated with physical therapy at the involved region and oral analgesics. She reported relief from the pain (NRS score, 2) after 1 month of treatment.

Discussion

This report describes a case in which a diagnosis of a gluteus maximus tear was confirmed with US and MRI. The gluteus maximus is the largest muscle in the gluteal region and plays an important role in maintaining balance during standing, walking, or running by controlling the hip joint and thigh [4]. Dysfunction of this muscle due to strain limits an individual’s daily activities. Clinically, a gluteal strain can be confused with several differential diagnoses, including hamstring strain, sciatic nerve lesion, gluteal tendinopathy, bony fracture in the pelvis, lumbar radiculopathy, lumbar facet pathology, and sacroiliac joint pathology. Therefore, a detailed evaluation is necessary for an accurate diagnosis.

Although clinical examination forms the basis of diagnosis for muscle strain, imaging evaluation is necessary to confirm the clinical diagnosis [1,2]. US and MRI are useful tools for determining the location and extent of the lesion and assessing possible compression of the surrounding structures [1]. US has merits in that it offers real-time images of soft tissues with great convenience. MRI is better in detecting pathological changes in soft tissue and bone and is useful for evaluating the pathology of deep muscles. The combined use of these two diagnostic tools facilitates an accurate diagnosis.

Based on the mechanism of injury, muscle injuries are classified into extrinsic and intrinsic injuries [1]. In the case reported herein, the gluteus maximus tear was not caused by extrinsic injury, and there were no contusions or penetration. Intrinsic injury is caused by contraction or elongation of the muscle, usually resulting in destruction of muscle fibers at the myotendinous junction [1]. In this patient, the gluteal muscle tear seemed to have occurred by intrinsic injury at the myotendinous junction between the gluteus maximus and the iliotibial band.

So far, US or MRI findings of gluteus maximus muscle tears have rarely been reported in the literature. Therefore, this report would be helpful for clinicians in diagnosing gluteus maximus muscle tears.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Author contributions

Conceptualization: JBK, MCC; Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, and Supervision: MCC; Methodology: JBK, WL, MCC; Visualization: WL, MCC; Writing-original draft: JBK; Writing-review & editing: MCC.

Fig. 1.

Axial ultrasound image of the torn left gluteal muscles (arrow). Gmax, gluteus maximus; Gmed, gluteus medius.

Fig. 2.

(A, B) Axial T2- and gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRIs) at the level of the lateral facet of the greater trochanter of the left femur. A partial tear of the left gluteus maximus muscle at its insertion site in the left iliotibial band is observed (arrows). Fluid infiltration around the site of the tear (arrowhead), suggesting edema or hemorrhage, is also observed. (C, D) Coronal T2- and fat-suppressed T2-weighted MRIs at the level of the lateral facet of the greater trochanter of the left femur. There is a partial tear at the myotendinous junction of the left gluteus maximus and iliotibial band (arrows) with intramuscular feathery fluid infiltration in the left gluteus maximus (arrowheads) suggesting grade 2 muscle strain.

References

• 1. Draghi F, Zacchino M, Canepari M, Nucci P, Alessandrino F. Muscle injuries: ultrasound evaluation in the acute phase. J Ultrasound 2013;16:209–14.ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
• 2. Noonan TJ, Garrett WE Jr. Muscle strain injury: diagnosis and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1999;7:262–9.ArticlePubMed
• 3. Guermazi A, Roemer FW, Robinson P, Tol JL, Regatte RR, Crema MD. Imaging of muscle injuries in sports medicine: sports imaging series. Radiology 2017;282:646–63.Article
• 4. Selkowitz DM, Beneck GJ, Powers CM. Comparison of electromyographic activity of the superior and inferior portions of the gluteus maximus muscle during common therapeutic exercises. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46:794–9.ArticlePubMed

Figure & Data

References

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Essentials of thoracic outlet syndrome: A narrative review
  Min Cheol Chang, Du Hwan Kim
  World Journal of Clinical Cases.2021; 9(21): 5804.     CrossRef
• Obturator hernia - a rare etiology of lateral thigh pain: A case report
  Jun Young Kim, Min Cheol Chang
  World Journal of Clinical Cases.2021; 9(34): 10728.     CrossRef